The vertical axis shows the mass of objects in kilograms, while the horizontal axis represents their radius in meters. Dashed lines indicate when specific objects formed after the Big Bang. Both axes use logarithmic scales.
The upper boundary of the triangle marks the gravitational limit—objects beyond this line cannot exist due to the constraints of gravity. The blank region at the bottom represents the zone of quantum uncertainty, beyond the Compton limit. This limit defines the shortest wavelength associated with a particle of a given mass.
The point labeled “instanton” corresponds to localized, short-lived processes that describe state transitions in quantum field theory. These cannot be directly observed or interacted with, as they exist only as mathematical solutions to physical equations. The number 2 marks the mass and size of the observable universe.